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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers_in_Latin_America
Quakers in South America
Many Quakers in Bolivia and Peru are working along with indigenous peoples on communes and agriculture; they call themselves socialists.
Several Quaker communities lived along with US native.s
The secular atheists want them to be wiped out completely, which makes no difference to the white Christian nationalists regarding other ethnic groups; they are also peaceful people.
In a socialist society like the Amish, they must be respected too.
The Episcopal Church holds a much better social and political stance than the Catholics; the evangelicals support reactionary views like Bolsonaro in Brazil and the new reactionary president of Colombia and El Salvador.
Ironically, there is an organisation of atheist catholic priests; they have not renounced the priesthood
They are good, friendly and peaceful people, but their views regarding women are too backward.
They are not racists; as other people have said, I have passed through their communities, and everything is clean, peaceful and well organised.
I have learned online how to do food canning with them, but I have used modern cooking devices. They have online classes on agronomy
They have worked along with other people, including natives and black people; it is preferable to work wth them than with Christian nationalists.
They have adopted African American children. The only problem is that new members must learn to speak and write Dutch and German, and adapt to their rules, including styles of clothes and rejection of modern technology.
Their stores do not reject customers from other religions and other ethnic groups, as other Christian groups sometimes will do.
They build their own homes and grow their own food with other races and other ethnic groups, and they share their knowledge of trades such as carpentry, agriculture and masonry
https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/08/21/hlgz-a21.html
The USA government is paying the Visa with the Mastercard, they are borrowing money in order to pay the interest of the debt, and they had to double the buy back and still the interest yield has increased
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U.S. Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent’s announcement that the Treasury is going to double its buyback of long-dated US bonds from $2 billion to $4 billion has fallen flat. After an initial fall in yields, they have started to rise again and are back near the multi-year highs recorded earlier this week.
Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent speaks to members of the media outside the White House in Washington, Thursday, Aug
This was despite Bessent saying in an interview with the business channel CNBC that the buyback could be more than the $4 billion that he initially announced. The general sentiment in the market is that the growing bond market turbulence is not going to be calmed by such interventions because more fundamental issues—above all, the rise of US debt to $40 trillion—are involved.There are growing concerns that the US is in a “doom loop” because of the rise in interest payments to more than $1 trillion a year, creating a situation where the government must borrow money just to pay the interest bill on past debt.
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Some economic analysts have indicted that probably, the USA government and the congress would be forced to increase taxation on the profits of the capitalist class as FDR did during the Great Depression . That proves what the socialist party has been saying about the myth on taxation that the biggest burden of taxation falls on the profits of the capitalist class and that state is financed with surplus value.My experience was different. I met very good, sincere, humane, respectful and honest people within the Catholic Church, and many of them were priests and nuns; with them I learned many things that were useful during my life. Probably they also made the same mistakes that we all did, which was to follow a mythology, but we were scientifically ignorant, and we accepted ideas without questioning them. Some of them besides being priests they were psychiatrists, medical doctors, sociologists, architects, and engineers and they never practiced their professions
I started to open my eyes when I started to study the natural sciences, pre medicine, materialism and Marxist theory, and I recognized that I was wrong, but I do not blame them either, they were also ignorant like me, and many of them worked with peasants and poor peoples in the poor neighborhood and young peoples, and some were members of the liberation theology and some went to jail and were persecuted and they lost everything and peoples loved them and still peoples love and remember them
With them I learned to love my parents and my family and my neighbors, and to love academic education, to be a bibliophile, and to behave properly and to have respect for other people; especially elderly people, we gave the sidewalks to elderly citizens, and loved poor people instead of rejecting them, in our time workers reject workers and love their own class enemies and there is not respect toward elderly workers
They treated us like we were their own children, the children that they never had, and the nuns were women dedicated to what they believed, and they were willing to give their lives for us, we were not abused, on the contrary, they protected us, and the director of my school was loved by everybody in the whole town, the town carry his names on different places, and buildings, he was against dictatorships and wars, he built more schools, free childcare centers, and free nursery homes and atheists loved and respected him, and he died in poverty along with the other priests, teachers and nuns. His salary was $20.00 a month and he never wanted to be a cardinal or a bishop, and they offered to him and he rejected
They were our friends, and we were their friends, our fathers and our advisers, an extension of our families, and the advisers of many families. With the development of capitalism, all traditional values have been lost, prefer to have those values than the actual social value that we have now, based on division, hate, racism, chaos, and rejection
I worked with them in the working-class neighborhood and learned about social and economic discrimination. Although I came from a middle-class family and my parents were businesspeople, I learned to suffer their own suffering; with them I learned theology and apologetics, and love for humanities, and to study the Bible, but those basics served me to do deeper research, and to learn that mankind created religion because it was the only progressive solution that they had. My stance is different to the secular atheists, and they hate all religious people; for me, they are human beings too
I have met worse people within the socialist/communist movement than within the religious movement and despite that I continued. My problem is not religion or the bible; or their mythologies, or their distortions, my problem is capitalism and the capitalist class, and we are going to have religious people within a socialist society, and they must be respected too
Muslims generally do not support or accept the Apostle Paul as an authority or prophet.
Islamic theology views Paul critically, holding him responsible for shifting the teachings of Jesus away from strict monotheism and adherence to Mosaic law.
The Quran does not mention Paul by name. While some classical exegetes linked a passing reference in Surah Ya-Sin to early messengers that may have included Paul, he holds no prophetic status.
Muslims believe Jesus preached strict submission to God (Islam) and the continuation of God’s law.
They contend that Paul dismantled the law and introduced theological shifts like the divinity of Jesus, original sin, and salvation through faith alone.
Modern Islamic polemicists and scholars frequently describe Paul as the person who fundamentally altered the original message of Jesus (Isa) to create modern church dogma.
Paul of Tarsus is not mentioned by name in the Quran or authentic Hadith. However, in mainstream Islamic thought and modern Muslim polemics, Paul is widely viewed as a critical figure who “hijacked” or altered the original, pure monotheistic message of Jesus (I
The “Corrupter”: Many classical and contemporary Muslim scholars hold that Paul shifted Christianity away from strict adherence to the Mosaic law and the strict human/prophetic nature of Jesus
Islamic teaching maintains that Jesus never claimed to be the Son of God or God incarnate. Critics argue Paul’s theology laid the groundwork for elevating Jesus’ status
Islam rejects the concept of original sin and vicarious atonement (that Jesus died on the cross for humanity’s sins). Paul’s heavy emphasis on the cross is seen as a contradiction of the direct accountability taught by previous prophets.
Apologists argue Paul introduced antinomianism—cancelling dietary laws, circumcision, and strict adherence to the Torah—which went against Jesus’ own teachings to uphold the law
Scholars agree that the Apostle Paul did write several foundational letters of the New Testament, but modern research shows he did not write all 13 epistles attributed to him, often used secretaries (amanuenses), and sometimes faced later pseudonymous additions or interpolations.
Most biblical scholars agree that Paul personally authored seven letters: Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians, and Philemon.
Six letters in the New Testament are widely considered by scholars to be pseudonymous (written by followers or later authors in Paul’s name) due to differences in style, vocabulary, and theology: Ephesians, Colossians, 2 Thessalonians, 11 and 2 Timothy (the Pastoral Epistles), Titus
There is a theologian who was a Jesuit father and left the vatican church.
He has extensively studied the Bible, and he has completely debunked the Old Testament; he said that everything is a myth, but his problem is that he believes that Jesus did exist as a rebel zealot and that Maria Magadlene, his partner, was the founder of Christianity.
He has also said that the letters of Paul should be indexed first in the New TestamentKindle and digital books are owned by Amazon. They are making a lot of profits on digital books, and they are selling the device.
Some universities are motivating students to buy digital books and take their iPad or computers to the class room , fully loaded with digital books.
They purchased many used bookstores to transfer/scam the books into digital formats, that is the reason why used bookstores are no longer in existence
I buy paperbacks and take them to a bookbinding company, and they cover them in different colors, and they are brand new again; they use a manual guillotine and attach three ribbons of different colors to mark the book’s pages.
It is an old art that is also disappearing; schools of libraries are being closed, and librarians are losing their jobs, I went to a library to look for a particular book and the librarian asked me of what kind of movie was that; she is not a librarian
I keep them like a treasure; as well, I keep my classical, opera ad jazz music LPs, DAT, SVHS (music tracks), and reel-to-reel, like a treasure, all of them covered with plastic sleeves. I rent a big storage place where I keep most of my music and vintage stereo equipment. A friend of mine who had an enormous collection of music left it to me in his testament
Young people do not know the beauty of reading paper books and listening to good music; anybody who owns a computer becomes a composer
In the past universities had department to listen music on headphone, they have been vanished , my first almamater had a large department for music, there was a LA president who eliminate import taxation for books and music, he wants young peoples to love good music and humanitiesMy first Almamater was surrounded by bookstores, and now it is surrounded by evangelical churches, pubs and porn shops.
All radios that used to broadcast classical and instrumental music are gone
Music and good movies stores are gone too
Buenos Aires and Mexico are one of the few cities who have many bookstores.
Bookbinding used to be an art in many towns and now it is almost gone, old books are thrown away instead of being recover
Used books stores are gone now everything is controlled by amazon
We are dinosaurs
Marxists bookstores are gone and now the red scared is coming back again
Forum like this do not exist anymore, they join internet medias to publish photos, pornography, craps and to worship leaders
Peoples who do not even read comics books have an opinion on everything.
Journalists must be part of the crowd otherwise they would be laid off , real journalism is gone and journalist do not do any research, and they do not read books, it is just a profession to make money. They are cardboard readers
Young peoples do not find any future in this society and they are killing themselves, suicides among youngsters is increasing
HAS CAPITALISM BECOME FINANCIALISED?The financial crisis of 2007-2008 triggered by the large-scale collapse of mortgage-backed securities in the United States was an important catalyst in promoting the view that capitalism has become ‘financialised’. Financial speculation has come to be seen not only as something increasingly autonomous with respect to the real economy (based on the production of commodities), but also as increasingly dominant in determining what happens in the latter.
The crisis was looked upon as being essentially a product of the short-sighted and irresponsible shenanigans of the financial community, aided by the New Financial Architecture (NFA) instituted in previous years and the radical financial deregulation this all entailed. In short, it was said to be the outcome of a steadily intensifying process of ‘financialisation’.
THE RISE OF FICTITIOUS CAPITAL
By ‘real capital’ Marx meant money capital invested in physical means of production and the workforce itself with a view to producing commodities to be sold on a market in the expectation of realising a profit – or financial return – from selling them. However, what has become increasingly salient in recent decades is another form of capital that Marx dubbed ‘fictitious capital’.
Fictitious capital does not involve the transformation of money into commodities. It is not about investing in means of production to produce commodities for sale on a market. In this respect it is distinguishable from interest-bearing capital in the form of bank loans to businesses that produce commodities. The latter do not constitute fictitious capital as such.
The Question of Debt in Capitalism
El Sobrante
AUG 18, 2026By Ezequiel Gil Lezama
The issue of debt, financial capital and the role it plays in the capitalist mode of production has generated rivers of ink in the political field of the left and even of progressivism or nationalism.
Almost in their entirety, both Marxism and the nationalist sectors tend to agree on the role of debt because both start from two different theories that, in essence, they share: the theory of imperialism, the former, the theory of dependence, the latter.In this reading, international credits are conceived as a mechanism by which the powers subjugate the emerging countries and, even more, it is a way by which the former plunder the latter.
We will see, therefore, in the light of the incipient world debt crisis, which threatens to unravel, what the role of debt in the accumulation of capital really is, and whether the thesis of Marxism and nationalism is true.
Debt as the basis of imperialism and dominationIf we talk about debt and how Marxism understands it, we have to go to Lenin (who relies on Hilferding), where, in his work Imperialism, the highest stage of capitalism (1), he states that debt or, as he calls it, the export of capital, is a central axis of imperialism that allows the consolidation of domination, as can be read here:
‘The export of capital, one of the most essential economic bases of imperialism, further isolates the rentiers from production and highlights with the stamp of parasitism the whole country which lives off the exploitation of the labour of a few overseas countries and colonies.’ (2)
In fact, the appearance of the export of capital, according to the Russian revolutionary, is the expression of the imperialist phase, while “old capitalism” is characterized by the export of commodities.
Therefore, the export of capital, as a mechanism, allows, first, a fracture of the world:
“The world has been divided into a handful of usurious states and a gigantic majority of debtor states.” (3)
And, also, it operates as an obligation for debtor countries to import goods from the creditor country:
“The loan is granted on one condition: to spend a part of it on the purchase of products from the creditor country” (4)
In short, it is understandable why Marxism considers international debt and credit as a tool of geopolitical domination and colonial extraction of surplus value.
Credit and debt in Marx
Now let’s see what Marx says about the role of debt and credit in the cycle of capital accumulation, in Capital (5).
Far from the idea that Marxism has promoted, debt, as part of credit, has a different approach in Marx. Namely, credit is not the abstract opposition to production or an anomaly or an independent sphere, but a fundamental part of the accumulation of capital.
Nor are they mechanisms of domination between states, but a resource for financing them.
In this sense, credit operates as a mechanism that allows capital to be advanced to accelerate the production and circulation of goods by financing both investment in constant capital (machinery, inputs) and in variable capital (labor power), allowing capitalists to operate beyond their immediate resources.
And debt, therefore, is the obligation to repay the borrowed advance plus interest. In turn, it operates as an expansion of accumulation by allowing capital, via debt, to grow beyond its own limits, for example, when a capitalist takes on debt to increase his scale of production.
That is, credit and production are intimately linked in the accumulation of capital, they do not exist as independent spheres and, most importantly, the so-called financial capital exists and expands on the basis of the existence and expansion of the so-called productive capital.
Why? Because the benefit of finance capital is given by charging the interest on the advanced capital that arises from a greater appropriation of surplus value by the debtor productive capital, from which it follows that the credit requested by the latter was intended to produce more value.
That is why all private debt is a promise of greater production of surplus value, therefore, it proves the close link that unites financial and productive capital.
Now, if we move forward to state debt, public debt, we find that Marx describes it as an instrument of financing the state, whether for state spending, infrastructure, war, etc., allowing it to operate beyond its present revenues.
But since, unlike private capital, public debt is not a promise of greater production of surplus value, but of future taxes, Marx asserts that public debt, instruments such as bonds or securities, are a form of fictitious capital.
State debt, for example, generates bonds that capitalists buy and sell, creating a mass of fictitious capital that seems to grow independently of production (6).
In short, it is evident that Marx’s developments have a very different conclusion on debt and credit than Marxism did.
To resolve this dichotomy, let’s look at the situation of world debt, its composition and who are the most indebted countries.
The club of debtor and dominated countries
According to the site Visual Capitalist (7), in 2025, the total global debt of states amounted to 110 trillion dollars (110 trillion dollars according to the North American system), that is, the equivalent of 95% of global GDP.However, the two most indebted countries are the United States and China with 38 and 18 trillion dollars respectively, that is, both powers concentrate 50.9% of the total world debt.
Then follow Japan (9.8 trillion), the United Kingdom (4.1 trillion) and France (3.9 trillion). Thus, the top five holds 67% of the global debt. And among the top ten countries with the highest debt, 81% of the world’s total is concentrated.
Who completes the list? Italy, India, Germany, Canada, Brazil, Spain, Mexico, Singapore, Korea and Australia.
Therefore, even taking Brazil (10th) and Mexico (12th) as the only peripheral countries of the 15 main debtors, between them they have 2.9% of the world’s total debt.
Moreover, the top ten most indebted countries are the same as the ranking of the top ten economies in the world, except Brazil, which is ranked 11th.
Therefore, unless the central countries or powers dominate themselves, Lenin’s definition of a world where the powers are usurious states that exploit a majority of debtor countries is revealed to be false: 9 of the 10 most developed countries own 80% of the world’s total debt.
If we count up to the 15th most indebted country, which also occupies these positions as the main economies, we have 86% of the global debt. In other words, the remaining 14% of the total debt is distributed among the remaining 180 countries.
Private debt
But we are not telling the private sector how anyone can point out. Good. If we add private debt, the concentration is even greater in the powers.
According to the latest monitoring(8), as of the first four months of 2026, by the Institute of International Finance (IIF), the total global debt of private individuals and governments climbs to 352 trillion dollars (305% of global GDP).
Here the United States and China also reach 50%, while Japan and the main countries of Europe concentrate 27%. In other words, between seven central countries we have 77% of the total debt, leaving the remaining 188 countries with 23% of the debt of private companies and governments.
Again, the thesis of Marxism is not corroborated.
The debt with the IMF
And the external debt with the IMF? There if the creditor countries are peripheral, another may say.
In fact, the first ten debtor countries of the Fund are peripheral and el.top five (Argentina, Ukraine, Pakistan, Egypt and Ecuador) concentrate 80% of all the IMF’s credit. (9)
However, combined with the first ten debtor countries of the IMF, the figure reaches 128 billion dollars, that is, 0.1% of the total world debt.
But there is more, no amount of debt of these countries exceeds 10% of their respective GDP (Argentina is the first with 9% and Ghana the last with 0.8%) or 15%, except Ukraine (25%), of their respective total public debts.
In short, neither the debt with the IMF is a relevant figure in terms of GDP, much less as a percentage of the total debts of these peripheral countries.
Finally, a not minor issue: the IMF, moreover, is an association of countries with a closed fund, that is, no member, not even the US as the main shareholder, withdraws money from the organization.
On the contrary, each country that joins the IMF pays a quota, in the case of the United States it is the largest shareholder and has 16% of the votes because its contribution to the Fund was about 117,000 million dollars, precisely 17% of the total quotas (10).
In addition, the US, as a support in the face of a global crisis, commits another 39,000 million dollars to the organization. (11)
That is, payments to the IMF from the peripheral countries do not go to any member country of the organization, so there is no appropriation of surplus value by the powers either.
Well, but, in truth, the debt with the IMF gives the United States, for example, control of the economy of the debtor country and, as Lenin said, forces it to buy its products.
Of the countries most indebted to the IMF, the one that imports the most products from the US is Argentina (12), but it ranks 35th among export destinations and represents 0.4% of the total products that the US sells to the world. It is followed by Egypt (37th and 0.39%) and Ecuador (41st and 0.2%).
The other 7 countries are ranked beyond the 60th place of the destinations of North American exports.
In other words, it is also not verified that the US authorises loans from the Fund in exchange for debtor countries buying its products.
The role of debt
Finally, as we have just seen, the thesis of Marxism pointed out by Lenin does not verify itself in reality.
Neither the powers are creditor states nor the peripheral countries the most indebted.
Since most of the world’s total debt is in the hands of the world’s major economies, everything indicates that the role that debt plays in the accumulation of capital is what Marx points out.
Therefore, given that debt does not behave as a mechanism of plunder and oppression nor does it operate as a tool in exchange for buying products from the creditor country, it is essential to characterize debt as a substantial part of the process of capital accumulation, not only to advance in the conscious knowledge of the reality that is intended to be transformed but also not to reproduce the ideology of junk nationalism.
Notes:
1.- See Lenin, Imperialism, Highest Stage of Capitalism, in: https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1916/imp-hsc/
2.- Op. Cit., Chapter VIII: “Parasitism and the Decadence of Capitalism”
3- Op. Cit, Chapter V: “The division of the world among the associations of capitalists”
4.+ Op. Cit, Chapter VI: The division of the world among the great powers.
5- See Marx, Capital, Volume III, Section Five,
in: https://www.marxists.org/espanol/m-e/1867/elcapital/
Chapter 21: Interest-bearing capital.
+Chapter 25: Credit and fictitious capital
+Chapter 27: The Role of Credit in Capitalist Production
Chapter 30: Money-Capital and Real Capital
6.- Fictitious capital is a monetary value that represents a promise of income
futures (such as interest or dividends), but which does not correspond to real capital
invested in the production of commodities. It arises in the financial and credit system,
where securities, bonds or shares are traded as if they were productive capital, although their value depends on speculative expectations and not on the direct production of surplus value.
Unlike real capital (machinery, labour-power), fictitious capital does not participate in the
directly in the production of surplus value. Its value depends on the capacity of the issuer
(State or company) to meet the promised payments, which in turn depends on the
Extraction of surplus value in the real economy: for example, the price of a stock can be
rise by speculation, without increasing the productive capacity of the company.
For further development, see chapters 25 (Credit and fictitious capital) and 29 (Elements of the
Banking Capital) in Capital. Volume III. Section Five
7.+ Ver https://www.visualcapitalist.com/ranked-countries-with-the-most-government-debt-in-2025/
8.- See https://www.iif.com/Portals/0/Files/Databases/global_debt_monitor_database.xlsx?ver=2026-05-06-111919-640
9.- See https://www.imf.org/external/np/fin/tad/extcred4.aspx
10.- Ver https://home-treasury-gov.translate.goog/policy-issues/international/international-monetary-fund?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=es&_x_tr_pto=sge
11.- See
https://www.imf.org/en/about/factsheets/where-the-imf-gets-its-money
12.-Ver https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/americas/argentinaIt is already being exposed, the USA can not longer continue without borrowing more money to finance its federal and states expenses and operations, a 40 trillion debts riding in the back of the capitalist class is a big bill that they can not afford, and the interest rate is getting higher.
They had to invest billions of dollars in Japan to avoid a further devaluation of the dollar, and to stop a government default, the unemployment rate is increasing, and corporate bankruptcies are spreading all over the country, secretive several major banks have been bailed out to avoid a financial default
China will continue business as usual, trading with Iran, Russia, India, Pakistan and the Arabs countries, and the USA will not be able to keep a trade war, they already lost the first one, and they had to refund all the money back to the capitalists.
The USA is purchasing some of its own debt to bring the interest yield down, but they are paying debts with more debts
https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2026/08/20/koqw-a20.htmlhttps://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/how-did-u-s-debt-hit-40-trillion-heres-what-to-know
How did U.S. debt hit $40 trillion? Here’s what to know
Politics Aug 19, 2026 5:09 PM EDT
Total public debt hit $40 trillion Wednesday, faster than expectIf you do not find a physical rare book, you can print a digital one in black and white ( monochrome laser printer ) and take it to a bookbinding company or a spiral binding company, and you will have a better paper book with a hard cover, better fonts and better paper. There is a company named Demco that sells all kinds of library supplies; there are free bookbinding classes online
Amazon owns Kindle books and Kindle devices. They have purchased several used bookstores; they scan the books, and then they are destroyed.
Barnes and Noble is doing the same thing with Nook digital books. Or Nook library: they sell the digital books and the devices
You buy the digital book, but you do not own it; you are renting a license.
They are selling book licenses to libraries; they have DRM over the books, but despite that, they have been accused of violating copyrights. Nobody has sued them because they have an army of attorneys
