The Reformation and the Rise of the Nation State
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The French state kept control of the Church in its own hands until the Concordat of 1801 formally ended the Gallican structure (which the Revolution had already smashed) and returned the Church to the Pope, on condition that the French head of state would nominate bishops for Rome to confirm. Church and state were officially separated in 1905, barring Alsace & Lorraine, where bishops are still nominated by the President.
The Spanish state continued to control Church affairs, lands, and choose its clergy until the death of Franco returned the Church to Papal control.
Monastic lands were seized in both countries during the 18th and 19th centuries.
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